Anett Gyurak, James J. Gross, and Amit Etkin
It is widely acknowledged  that emotions can be regulated in an astonishing variety of ways. Most research  to date has focused on explicit (effortful) forms of emotion regulation.  However, there is growing research interest in implicit (automatic) forms of  emotion regulation. To organise emerging findings, we present a dual-process  framework that integrates explicit and implicit forms of emotion regulation, and  argue that both forms of regulation are necessary for well-being. In the first  section of
this review, we provide a broad overview of the construct of  emotion regulation, with an emphasis on explicit and implicit processes. In the  second section, we focus on explicit emotion regulation, considering both neural  mechanisms that are associated with these processes and their experiential and  physiological consequences. In the third section, we turn to several forms of  implicit emotion regulation, and integrate the burgeoning literature in this  area. We conclude by outlining open questions and areas for future research.